Bromelain

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme used for enzymatic exfoliation/anti-inflammatory effects, typically around ~0.1–2% in leave-on or rinse-off products, and its protease activity can disrupt a compromised stratum corneum and cause stinging, erythema, or dermatitis in sensitive users. Clinical experience and patch testing reports for proteolytic enzymes support a meaningful irritation potential, particularly on eczema-prone or barrier-impaired skin and when layered with other exfoliants or retinoids. Given the risk of both irritant reactions and possible allergy in susceptible individuals, it should be introduced cautiously and patch tested. Safety Notes: In commercial OTC skincare, bromelain is most often used at very low levels (~0.01–0.1%) in enzyme cleansers and gentle exfoliating masks/peels, largely due to irritation risk and the need to control proteolytic activity. Higher-strength consumer-available exfoliating powders, wash-off masks, and peel-like products can reach ~1–5% bromelain (often alongside papain/other enzymes), with wash-off formats dominating the upper end because they better manage skin tolerability and enzyme stability. There is no specific FDA/EU maximum for bromelain as a cosmetic ingredient, so observed limits are primarily practical (stability, odor/color, and irritation).